Exploring the Urbanization Pattern of “Low Carbon and Efficiency Implied Mutually”

AbstractThe large cities such as London, New York and Shanghai are tended to create lots of employment opportunities, but per capita carbon emissions are huge. It is a vital problem about how to provide enough employment opportunities and reduce per capita carbon emissions during the process of urbanization in China. The main of this article think “the Zipf-type city system in area “can achieve the goal of “efficiency and low carbine”

Human Sensation of Transcranial Electric Stimulation.

Noninvasive transcranial electric stimulation is increasingly being used as an advantageous therapy alternative that may activate deep tissues while avoiding drug side-effects. However, not only is there limited evidence for activation of deep tissues by transcranial electric stimulation, its evoked human sensation is understudied and often dismissed as a placebo or secondary effect. By systematically characterizing the human sensation evoked by transcranial alternating-current stimulation, we observed not only stimulus frequency and electrode position dependencies specific for auditory and visual sensation but also a broader presence of somatic sensation ranging from touch and vibration to pain and pressure. We found generally monotonic input-output functions at suprathreshold levels, and often multiple types of sensation occurring simultaneously in response to the same electric stimulation. We further used a recording circuit embedded in a cochlear implant to directly and objectively measure the amount of transcranial electric stimulation reaching the auditory nerve, a deep intercranial target located in the densest bone of the skull. We found an optimal configuration using an ear canal electrode and low-frequency (<300 Hz) sinusoids that delivered maximally ~1% of the transcranial current to the auditory nerve, which was sufficient to produce sound sensation even in deafened ears. Our results suggest that frequency resonance due to neuronal intrinsic electric properties need to be explored for targeted deep brain stimulation and novel brain-computer interfaces

Effect of enhanced masticatory force on OPG, RANKL and MGF in alveolar bone of ovariectomized rats

Menopause induces oral bone loss, leading to various oral diseases. Mastication importantly affects bone metabolism in the jawbone. Objective: To analyze the effect of enhanced masticatory force on osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL), and mechano–growth factor (MGF) in alveolar bone of ovariectomized rats and to study the mechanics mechanism of the alveolar bone of ovariectomized rats response to enhanced masticatory force. Methodology: Thirty Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham–operation group (fat around the removed ovary + normal hard diet), model group (ovariectomy + normal hard diet), and experimental group (ovariectomy + high hard diet). It was a 2–month experiment. Enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detected serum estradiol (E2), osteocalcin (BGP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in rats. Bone histomorphometric indices in the third molar region of maxilla were detected by micro-CT; protein expressions of OPG, RANKL, and MGF in the third molar region of maxilla was detected by Western blot; and gene expression of OPG, RANKL, and MGF in the third molar region of maxilla was detected by Quantitative Real–Time PCR. Results: Comparing with model group, serum E2 in experimental group increased but not significantly, serum BGP and serum ALP in experimental group decreased but not significantly, OPG in experimental group in alveolar bone increased significantly, RANKL in experimental group in alveolar bone decreased significantly, RANKL/OPG ratio in experimental group decreased significantly, MGF in experimental group in alveolar bone increased significantly, bone volume to total volume fraction increased significantly in experimental group, trabecular thickness increased significantly in experimental group, and trabecular separation decreased significantly in experimental group. Conclusion: Enhanced masticatory force affected the expression of OPG, RANKL, and MGF in alveolar bone of ovariectomized rats, improved the quality of jaw bone of ovariectomized rats, and delayed oral bone loss by ovariectomy

Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) is Protective against Iron Homeostasis Dysfunction after Treatment with Ethyl Maltol

Ethyl Maltol (EM) is a flavoring compound commonly used in the food industry and has been reported to bind and mediate the transport of iron into cells (CDC, 2017). Since EM is highly lipophilic, it is hypothesized to easily pass through cellular plasmid membranes and blood brain barrier (BBB). Unwanted iron entry into the brain could be cytotoxic owing to the generation of reactive oxygen species. To protect against iron mediated oxidative stress, several genes including amyloid precursor protein (APP) are involved in iron export. Several investigations have suggested a relationship between iron build-up and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (Shea et al., 2016). Risk attributable to genetics accounts for approximately 5% of AD cases (Shea et al., 2016). Accordingly, it is important to understand factors that increase the risk of AD such as lifestyle and environmental exposures. Our hypothesis is that APP is protective against xenobiotics that disrupt iron homeostasis. The human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line was used because it expresses functions expressed by human neurons. We established the SH-SY5YAPP cell line overexpressing APP. The following assays were employed: MTT assay for cell viability; Calcein AM for labile iron; qRT-PCR and Western blots for gene expression. Cytotoxicity was observed in EM-treated cells for 72 hours at 0.3mM. Increases in p21 and 14-3-3σ expression indicated the activation of a p53 response. The mechanism appears to involve disruption of iron homeostasis. Increases were detected in the expression of the iron transporter genes DMT1 and TfR1. Increases in labile iron were also observed which were confirmed in HEK293 using a reporter gene construct. Moreover, EM-mediated induction of DMT1 and TfR1 was attenuated in SH-SY5Y-APP cells. Our studies have the potential to help understand APP’s function in neurons and its mechanisms in protecting against toxicity caused by iron dysfunction. Altered processing of APP might disrupt iron homeostasis resulting in neuronal death. Overall, our work provides novel insights regarding the etiology of AD and identifying factors that increase AD risks

When Measures are Unreliable: Imperceptible Adversarial Perturbations toward Top-kk Multi-Label Learning

With the great success of deep neural networks, adversarial learning has received widespread attention in various studies, ranging from multi-class learning to multi-label learning. However, existing adversarial attacks toward multi-label learning only pursue the traditional visual imperceptibility but ignore the new perceptible problem coming from measures such as Precision@$k$ and mAP@$k$. Specifically, when a well-trained multi-label classifier performs far below the expectation on some samples, the victim can easily realize that this performance degeneration stems from attack, rather than the model itself. Therefore, an ideal multi-labeling adversarial attack should manage to not only deceive visual perception but also evade monitoring of measures. To this end, this paper first proposes the concept of measure imperceptibility. Then, a novel loss function is devised to generate such adversarial perturbations that could achieve both visual and measure imperceptibility. Furthermore, an efficient algorithm, which enjoys a convex objective, is established to optimize this objective. Finally, extensive experiments on large-scale benchmark datasets, such as PASCAL VOC 2012, MS COCO, and NUS WIDE, demonstrate the superiority of our proposed method in attacking the top-$k$ multi-label systems.Comment: 22 pages, 7 figures, accepted by ACM MM 202